Death of the ‘MultiSport Athlete’ Model?
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Groupthink is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing, analyzing and evaluating ideas. Individual creativity, uniqueness, and independent thinking are lost in the pursuit of group cohesiveness, as are the advantages of reasonable balance in choice and thought that might normally be obtained by making decisions as a group. During groupthink, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking… —-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink
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I was on the phone with a friend last week when he called me out for speaking against the ‘3 sport athlete’ model he firmly believes in.
Despite my best effort, I could not convince him that I simply never said there was anything wrong with such a model.
It’s just not necessarily what’s best for your athletes…
Clearly the lack of clarity is coming from my end because several of you also wrote in to say that this ‘anti-3 sport athlete’ position (or pro sport specialization position) seems to contradict what I have said in countless articles and videos over the years.
For example, a long time subscriber wrote me and said:
“I got a little lost in your “specialized coaching” response. At first glance it appeared that you were arguing against the multisport athlete as a general rule. At least that’s what it appeared to be with your use of the “3 sport athlete” concept. I’ve never heard you argue for athlete specialization before, and I’ve been under your cyber-tutelage for several years now. In fact, I’ve heard support for the opposite, that sport specialization is harmful. If you were arguing that the multisport model is defective if there is crappy instruction in all three sports, then the problem lies with the coach, not the model. If the argument is that sound fundamental training principles must be applied throughout all athletic training, then I was just confused by the term “specialized coaching.” I just wouldn’t want any of your other protégés confused either.”
Fair points, Ken.
To avoid further confusion, it’s time for the full truth on the ‘multi-sport’ model vs ‘specialization’ model.
Fasten your seat belts, friends. Because some of you are going to be upset…
Before I begin, let me clarify two points:
1. Tradition frightens me. I’m uncomfortable with the prospect of doing something a certain way just because that’s the way it’s always been done. I can’t wrap my mind around this concept. Blindly following a set of rules or principles without questioning whether or not said philosophy is in line with contemporary practices or, in this instance, the athlete’s best interest, sets a disconcerting standard I want no part of.
There’s another term for such a line of logic. It’s called ‘Groupthink’. And it is Dangerous.
That’s why I’m a ‘reason why’ guy. I’ll sign up for your philosophy. And I’ll buy into it hook, line and sinker. As long as you have a critically evaluated and objectively analyzed ‘reason why’. But some combination or variation of ‘because I said so’, ‘because that’s the way we’ve always done it’ and/or ‘because that’s our Tradition’ doesn’t cut it for me.
And it shouldn’t cut it for you. Because that is Groupthink. And it is Dangerous.
2. Any time I embellish on the potential benefits of sport specialization, understand I’m talking about high school aged athletes. There are innumerable reasons why kids 13 and younger should engage in a varied athletic experience.
But the bottom line is this: If an 11 year old is so talented that sport specialization seems a reasonable option, four years of ‘specialized’ focus at the HS level will surely enable such an athlete to earn an athletic scholarship to a top school and be in a position to compete at the next level. If the athlete needs to specialize in 5th grade to get there, they’re not really that good in the first place. Sorry, dads.
OK, let’s begin.
The 20th Century Argument for the ‘Multisport model’ is based on the premise that playing 3 different sports is better for the development of the athlete than specializing in one sport for 12 months out of the year.
All things being equal, I don’t disagree. I don’t necessarily agree, but I certainly don’t disagree. Many studies show that, generally speaking, an athlete who plays soccer, basketball and track during the school year will be less likely to burn out, over train, develop repetitive range of motion and/or overuse injuries, lose interest and/or reach a competitive plateau than an athlete who plays soccer all 12 months out of the year.
All things being equal, no arguments from Latif.
The problem with this scenario, however, is fundamental to our discussion. Here in the real world, all things are NOT equal.
And that’s where the ‘playing 3 different sports’ philosophy immediately breaks down and loses some, if not all, of its viability.
It’s also where psychological discomfort will set in for those of you unwilling to consider the possibility you may have an outdated belief system.
Here are the primary arguments I hear from Multisporters when defending their position.
1. It’s better for the overall development of the athlete. 3 different sports prevents athletes from the aforementioned drawbacks: repetitive range of motion injuries, burnout from lack of variety, plateaus, etc.
2. The 3 Sport Model keeps young athletes from being overtly or covertly coerced into specialization by selfish coaches. Because if a coach offers an athlete an alternative, the power over the athlete held by the coach makes it impossible for the athlete to make their own independent decision.
3. Playing 3 different sports is better for the athletic department as a whole because it prevents a coach in a particular sport from monopolizing the best athletes, which would hurt all the other sports. Because the athlete, again, is incapable of saying ‘No thanks Track Coach, I’m going to play softball this spring’. (See previous argument)
Let’s take a deeper look at these 3 arguments to see if they really hold their own against the contemporary athletic environment.
1. The ‘better for overall development’ argument
This argument is based on the variety of studies that show athletes who engage in multiple sports at a young age perform at a higher level when they get older (and specialize). On the surface, this leads one to believe that multi-sport athletes peak higher and compete in their sport longer (as opposed to burning out and quitting) than those athletes who specialize (at an early age).
If that was the end of the story, it would be the end of this article. The 3 sport model would win outright. But it is not.
These studies come, almost exclusively, from countries where athletics are Nationalized. This means athletes begin multilateral, multisport training from a very young age under a ubiquitous, unified system of athletic development. Their coaches are National coaches whose job is coaching. These coaches teach essentially the same system of developing foundational athleticism regardless of sport (because ‘sport specific’ training is mostly BS for young athletes). They engage in ‘multilateral’ training, which means they don’t just play their sport as the totality of training (like in your high school), but they engage in a variety of activities and movement skills that prevent repetitive ranges of motion and overuse injury, i.e., training to be the greatest football player you can be involves, when you count up all the training hours, very little actual playing of football.
The point?
The multi sport theory only works if every coach in your school possesses comparable coaching knowledge. If athletes transition from fall sport to winter to spring and all their coaches are training them under a commonly accepted/promoted system of athletic development such that speed, strength, power, coordination, mobility and endurance are continuously being developed throughout the year based on the particular needs of the sport, then I have absolutely no problem fully endorsing the 3 sport model.
But that isn’t reality, is it? The reality is that coaching is not consistent across sports. In the last few programs I worked in, I coached track and field. Taking cross country, winter and spring track and subtracting myself, my mentor and the coaches I personally brought in to coach, I can count the number of coaches who had a USATF certification or athletic development certification of any type, for any sport, on one hand….if you cut 4 fingers off of that hand.
Outside of track and field, I can count the number of sports who safely used the weight room throughout the season on one hand. If I had no hands.
Speed development with technical feedback? Timed intervals? Teach specific movement skills? I don’t need hands or feet to count up those programs.
(You’re only offended right now if you’re guilty of the above. If you’re certified and educated, you’re nodding your head in agreement. Or laughing.)
To be considered a good coach and run a good program we have to address BOTH elements of coaching:
1. Sport Specific Skills (offensive/defensive schemes, ball handling, passing, catching, hitting, penultimate step, drive phase, etc.)
2. Athletic Development (biomotor skill development, movement skills, etc.)
The coaches at most high schools are, no doubt, quite excellent at #1…
But they ignore #2. So if I’m generous and give the average coach a 100% in Sport Specific Skills, they’re looking good. But they get a 30% in Athletic Development (and that’s being generous). So, when you consider what should be expected out of coaches in 2010, most coaches and programs get a generous D.
(There are no expectations out of coaches in 2010. Ditch diggers have a longer list of expectations if they want to get a job or keep one than high school coaches do. If you have a pulse and watched a sport once or attended a particular school in the last 30 years, you can get a job being in charge of 40 kids after school.)
In my opinion, any coach who has zero certifications from their sport’s governing body or zero athletic development certifications, has attended zero seminars covering the athletic development HALF of their sport in the past 6 months or has invested in zero DVD programs, etc. covering their sport in the past 6 months, has no right to claim they’re doing a commendable job coaching their athletes or program. Or that they have the best interest of the athletes at the forefront of their decision making.
(If you’re on the verge of a full blown, rage induced heart attack right now, take a deep breath and post your thoughts below. Just be sure to have some logic to support your argument.)
Let’s paint a specific, yet theoretical picture.
Let’s say I’m a high school athlete who comes into the typical high school planning to play football, basketball and track. During football season I play football. During basketball season I play lots of basketball. But during track season, something changes. I don’t just run workouts and practice long jump and throw the shot put.
My coach has us do speed work where I have to actually run a very specific way and explain what I’m doing right and wrong. We’re in the weight room 3 days per week and the coach teaches me how to lift and corrects me when I’m doing things incorrectly (instead of sitting in the back talking to his friends). My coach lets me ask him questions about why we’re doing certain things. I have to set specific goals that my coach talks to me about and helps me work toward. We talk about nutrition and what I should be eating. My coach asks me how I felt about workouts and actually makes them harder or easier based on what I tell him. My coach believes I can achieve my goals, memorizes my times and gives me specific times to hit in all my workouts. He tells us why we’re running a certain workout at a certain pace and how it’s going to make me a better runner.
All of a sudden, running track has become a totally different experience than the other sports. Instead of it being something I did to get in shape for football, football and basketball have become something I do to kill time before track. In fact, track is so fun, I don’t want to play basketball anymore. I want to do indoor track because I’m getting better results and coaching. In fact, I don’t want to do football either. My coach says doing cross country will have me in midseason form by the time winter track starts.
That sounds pretty sweet. Where do I sign up? Because nothing succeeds like success.
So, now I have options. Which one would you choose? What would you suggest your son or daughter do?
More specifically, which is better for my ‘overall development’?
- 3 different sports where, in 2 of them, all I do is play that one sport for several hours a day, but do a negligible amount of athletic development.
- Play the same sport year round – but engage in a variety of athletic and movement skills: speed work, mobility work, strength and power development, technical feedback, mentorship from my coach
Who benefits most from my playing 3 different sports? Me or those other coaches?
My point is this:
The 3 Sport Model is only better for the athlete if the coaches in all 3 sports have comparable coaching SKILL.
If the track coach is far superior in skill and trains the athlete properly, the track specialist will go through a greater variety of drills and exercises and develop far greater overall athletic ability, via developing biomotor skill through a critically evaluated and objectively analyzed athletic development program.
In this situation, playing 3 different sports is actually a detriment to the athlete’s overall athletic development. A system that ignores the disparity in knowledge, education and qualification between coaches does a far greater disservice to the athlete than a system that encourages the athlete to make their own choice based on the potential for maximizing fun and success.
If all the coaches in a school system are typical, then the 3 sport model is a lesser evil than specializing. Because specializing in a sport run by a typical coach *will result in all the horror stories we are afraid of. But if a coach in one sport is truly exceptional, specialization will provide a better athletic environment where kids will maximize their potential, develop greater levels of self esteem and work ethic, and, flat out have more fun.
Now, some coaches will attempt to dismiss their lack of certification and education by bringing up the amount of time they’ve been coaching. Patently irrelevant.
Let’s say you and I have been coaching for 15 years each. During that time, you’ve become certified and continued your education. You evolve your system of training each season by adding and subtracting certain training modalities based on your experience implementing such protocols and keep track of every workout and its results.
I just show up, point and yell.
You have 15 years of coaching experience.
I have one year of coaching experience, 15 times in a row.
Your athletes have achieved success because the combination of their commitment and your coaching knowledge and skill brought them to new levels of success.
Mine (may) have had some success…in spite of my lack of coaching knowledge and skill.
We all know that most coaching positions are handed out based not on skill, knowledge or education, but nepotism. It’s how they’re maintained. It’s how they’re handed down. And if we continue to accept the status quo, nothing will change.
But we don’t have to blindly follow the false premise that 3 sport model is magically better than specializing. In some cases it might be. In other cases, it isn’t. But to regurgitate such an ideology with no explanation beyond ‘because I said so’ is unprofessional. It’s Groupthink. And it’s dangerous.
Now, if all coaches are good at their jobs (which I have never seen before) which is better?
Remember, I’m talking about potential specialization starting in high school. But it has to be taken case by case. Sport by sport. Coach by coach.
But, if you want to get down to brass tacks, it really comes down to choice. If the athlete has an excellent soccer coach who runs an excellent soccer program and does both player development and athletic development, the athlete lives and breathes soccer and wants to focus on that sport once they get to high school, isn’t it their choice to decide what they want to play?
And that’s where I’ll end today and pick up next time. The second argument made by Multisporters in defending their honor: Choice. The 3 sport model in the typical program attempts to hijack the athlete’s choice under the guise of their ‘best interest’.
But I’d argue it’s not the best interest of the athlete that’s on the line here…
But more on that next time.
Feel free to post your comments and opinions. Take a deep breath and proof read your post before you send it. Have the courage to use your real name. I do.
Latif Thomas
P.S. Resources I recommend:
Complete Speed Training (How to teach athletic development)
Complete Program Design for Sprinters (How to write more effective workouts)
Sports Nutrition Blueprint (How to maximize the results of your athletic development)
P.S.S. Don’t forget to check out the responses. There are some great posts that contain excellent questions and also a few clarifications on my end that I must not have been clear about in the above article.








